Immunogenicity, safety, and effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review.

Influenza is associated with an increased risk of complications, especially in diabetic mellitus patients who are more susceptible to influenza infection. Despite recommendations of the WHO and public health authorities, vaccination uptake in this population remains suboptimal. This systematic review identified 15 studies published between January 2000-March 2017 in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library, which provided data on immunogenicity, safety, effectiveness, and/or cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination in diabetic patients. Immunogenicity of seasonal influenza vaccination in diabetic patients was generally comparable to that of healthy participants. One month after vaccination of diabetic patients, seroconversion rates and seroprotection ranged from 24.0-58.0% and 29.0-99.0%, respectively. Seasonal influenza vaccination reduced the risk of hospitalization and mortality in diabetic patients, particularly those aged ≥65 years. These review results demonstrate and reinforce the need and value of annual influenza vaccination in diabetic patients, particularly in alleviating severe complications such as hospitalization or death.