Local Delivery of miR-21 Stabilizes Fibrous Caps in Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Lesions.

miRNAs are potential regulators of carotid artery stenosis and concordant vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Hence, we analyzed miRNA expression in laser captured micro-dissected fibrous caps of either ruptured or stable plaques (n = 10 each), discovering that miR-21 was significantly downregulated in unstable lesions. To functionally evaluate miR-21 in plaque vulnerability, miR-21 and miR-21/apolipoprotein-E double-deficient mice (Apoe-/- miR-21-/- ) were assessed. miR-21-/- mice lacked sufficient smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to carotid ligation injury. When exposing Apoe-/- miR-21-/- mice to an inducible plaque rupture model, they presented with more atherothrombotic events (93%) compared with miR-21+/+ Apoe-/- mice (57%). We discovered that smooth muscle cell fate in experimentally induced advanced lesions is steered via a REST-miR-21-REST feedback signaling pathway. Furthermore, Apoe-/- miR-21-/- mice presented with more pronounced atherosclerotic lesions, greater foam cell formation, and substantially higher levels of arterial macrophage infiltration. Local delivery of a miR-21 mimic using ultrasound-targeted microbubbles into carotid plaques rescued the vulnerable plaque rupture phenotype. In the present study, we identify miR-21 as a key modulator of pathologic processes in advanced atherosclerosis. Targeted, lesion site-specific overexpression of miR-21 can stabilize vulnerable plaques.