Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Shoulder Surgery.

The incidence of venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) complicating shoulder surgery is difficult to estimate. Case reports, retrospective studies, prospective studies, and systematic reviews vary in terms of separating symptomatic versus asymptomatic VTEs, those occurring in the upper versus lower extremities, and those leading to pulmonary embolism. Reported rates vary between 0.02% and 13%. Arthroplasty is associated with a higher incidence than arthroscopy. Surgery for fracture presents increased risk. Mechanical prophylaxis using compression devices could be considered given its favorable risk-benefit profile. Chemical prophylaxis should be considered for high-risk patients. Evidence-based criteria cannot be obtained from current literature on VTEs after shoulder surgery.