[Epidemiology of penile cancer].

BACKGROUND: Penile cancer represents a rarity in daily clinical practice.

OBJECTIVES: The aim is to identify global differences concerning the incidence, social and risk factors.

METHODS: The past and current epidemiologic literature is analyzed concerning incidence rates and risk factors. The latter are discussed concerning their potential with regard to disease prevention.

RESULTS: Globally, incidence rates of penile cancer range from low to nonexistent. Distinct differences are found when comparing industrialized countries with emerging and developing countries. Phimosis seems to be a crucial risk factor in the formation of penile cancer. Additionally, chronic inflammatory diseases of the penis were found to be associated with a higher risk.

CONCLUSIONS: Preventive measures should be considered in relation to the rarity of the disease, especially in the valuation of circumcision during early childhood. Regular clinical examination of the penis is a sensible measure of early detection.