History of Cardiac Anesthesia in India.

Before the 19th century, the heart was considered as a "no-go" area, although minor and superficial procedures were performed in the early 1800s. It was only in the later part of the century that surgical repair of the wounds of the cardiac chambers was attempted. Cardiac surgery came to India in the mid-20th century and the operations performed were minor and extracardiac. Initially, the surgeries were performed at a select few centers located at Mumbai, Vellore, Delhi, Chennai, and Kolkata. The anesthesiologists of an earlier era in India worked with limited facilities, and with their interest and devotion contributed immensely to the growth of the specialty of cardiac anesthesia. The progress was somewhat modest until the 1980s, when it started increasing rapidly and India caught up with the Western world by the turn of century. The progress was seen not only in the clinical field, but also in technology, teaching, and academic fields. This article presents an account of the progress in the field of cardiac anesthesia in India, and highlights the contribution of some of the dedicated anesthesiologists because of whom the specialty has reached the present stature.