Evolutionary selection of personalized melanoma cell/tissue dual-homing peptides for guiding bionanofibers to malignant tumors.

Both melanoma cells and tissues were allowed to interact with an identical pool of billions of human-safe phage nanofiber clones with each genetically displaying a unique 12-mer peptide at the tips, respectively, resulting in the discovery of bionanofibers displaying a melanoma cell/tissue dual-homing peptide for personalized targeted melanoma therapy.