Respiratory patterns in field collected brown locust, Locustana pardalina, in the gregarious phase.

In this paper we report on the metabolic rates and respiratory patterns measured from gregarious brown locusts, Locustana pardalina, collected from the Nama Karoo region in South Africa. All five instar hopper stages and adults were collected over a three year period when significant numbers of locust swarms were seen. Flow-through respirometry was used to measure the CO2 emission from individual locusts from all the developmental stages and adults within a week of collection. Carbon dioxide emission scaled hypometrically with mass, 0.863 ± 0.026. Except in the 1st and 5th instar stage there was no difference in the mass specific rate of CO2 emission (V̇<ce:small-caps>CO2</ce:small-caps> ). These had significantly higher metabolic rates compared to the other stages which reflects their biology, with the 1st instar undergoing rapid growth and the 5th instar also undergoing rapid growth and development in preparation for becoming an adult. The 1st instars used a form of continuous gas exchange while all the other stages showed discontinuous gas exchange cycles. A clear burst phase and interburst periods could be seen. The 2nd and 3rd instars use mainly diffusion to expel CO2 and so exhibited an open form of the burst phase. There was an increase in CO2 volleys seen in the burst phase from the 4th instar stage onwards thus indicating an increased use of convection. There was no change in the duration or frequency of the discontinuous gas exchange cycles through the locust development or with body mass.