Respiratory Frequency during Exercise: The Neglected Physiological Measure.

The use of wearable sensor technology for athlete training monitoring is growing exponentially, but some important measures and related wearable devices have received little attention so far. Respiratory frequency ( f R ), for example, is emerging as a valuable measurement for training monitoring. Despite the availability of unobtrusive wearable devices measuring f R with relatively good accuracy, f R is not commonly monitored during training. Yet f R is currently measured as a vital sign by multiparameter wearable devices in the military field, clinical settings, and occupational activities. When these devices have been used during exercise, f R was used for limited applications like the estimation of the ventilatory threshold. However, more information can be gained from f R . Unlike heart rate, [Formula: see text]O2 , and blood lactate, f R is strongly associated with perceived exertion during a variety of exercise paradigms, and under several experimental interventions affecting performance like muscle fatigue, glycogen depletion, heat exposure and hypoxia. This suggests that f R is a strong marker of physical effort. Furthermore, unlike other physiological variables, f R responds rapidly to variations in workload during high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with potential important implications for many sporting activities. This Perspective article aims to (i) present scientific evidence supporting the relevance of f R for training monitoring; (ii) critically revise possible methodologies to measure f R and the accuracy of currently available respiratory wearables; (iii) provide preliminary indication on how to analyze f R data. This viewpoint is expected to advance the field of training monitoring and stimulate directions for future development of sports wearables.