Leukemia cells impair normal hematopoiesis and induce functionally loss of hematopoietic stem cells through immune cells and inflammation.

Bone marrow (BM) failure is often seen in leukemia patients, indicating an abnormal hematopoietic process. However, hematopoiesis in leukemic milieus is largely unknown. In the present study, we utilized one of the most frequent leukemogenic translocations MLL-AF9 to induce leukemia and investigated the hematopoiesis and the activity of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in a leukemic milieu. We found that the phenotypes of the non-leukemic population in leukemic BM were drastically different than normal BM, including blockage of differentiation and a drastically reduced Lin-/Sca+/c-kit+ (LSK) population that contains all HSPCs in leukemic BM. Further, transplantation assays demonstrated that stem cell function of HSPCs from leukemic BM was significantly compromised. Intriguingly, BM from a patient-derived xenograft leukemia model and from immunocompromised mice transplanted with murine MLL-AF9 cells, showed comparable percentage of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to normal controls, indicating that an immunocompetent microenvironment is critical for leukemia-induced loss of HSPCs. Mechanistically, we found that the non-leukemic cells from leukemic BM possessed a more inflammatory profile than either leukemic cells or normal BM counterparts. Co-culturing or co-transplantation with non-leukemic cells from leukemic BM impaired the stem cell function of normal HSPCs in vitro and in vivo respectively, suggesting that the highly inflammatory non-leukemic population in leukemic BM not only is functionally abnormal but displayed a 'leukemia-like' characteristic. Finally, we tested the effect of the anti-inflammation drug diclofenac on leukemia mice. However, no phenotypic changes of HSPCs were observed upon diclofenac treatment due to only mild repression of inflammatory genes by diclofenac, further indicating that inflammation is a powerful negative regulator of HSPCs. Together, our results suggest that leukemia impairs normal hematopoiesis and inflammation as well as immune cells play a critical role in leukemia-induced BM failure.