Detection of Aristaless-related homeobox protein in ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the potential of ARX as a novel biomarker of ovarian endometriosis and other ovarian pathologies.

METHODS: The mRNA level of ARX in ovarian endometriosis and normal endometrium samples was determined by real-time PCR, while the protein level was determined by Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on nearly 200 tissue samples of different ovarian pathologies. GraphPad Prism was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: The expression of ARX was significantly increased in ovarian endometriosis samples as compared to normal endometrium. Also Western blotting data showed higher ARX levels in the ovarian endometriosis samples versus normal endometrium. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the protein is localized in the ovarian stroma and does not originate from endometriosis. Further immunohistochemical analysis performed on several different non-neoplastic and neoplastic ovarian tissue samples revealed that in the non-neoplastic ovary ARX protein is present only in the stromal cells and their derivates (luteinized stromal cells, theca and Leydig cells) and not in granulosa cells, oocites, surface epithelium or rete ovarii, while all stromal and sex cord tumors showed strong nuclear staining for ARX. All other primary or metastatic epithelial tumors of the ovary were ARX negative.

CONCLUSIONS: ARX is not associated with endometriosis and cannot be used as a biomarker for ovarian endometriosis. ARX is present in ovarian stroma and cells derived from ovarian stroma as well as in all types of sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary and could thus be used as a marker for sex cord-stromal differentiation in ovarian tumors.