Effects of Chloride Ions on Dissolution, ROS Generation, and Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles under UV Irradiation.

This work investigates the effect of chloride ion (Cl- ) on dissolution, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and toxicity of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) under UV irradiation. The dissolution rate was decreased by 0.01 M Cl- due to AgCl passivation on the AgNP surface. By contrast, high concentrations of Cl- (0.1 or 0.5 M) promoted dissolution due to the formation of soluble Ag-Cl complexes (AgCl x 1- x ). The generation of O2 •- in the AgNPs/Cl- /UV system was promoted by 0.01 M Cl- , whereas it was retarded by 0.1 or 0.5 M Cl- , which was probably because the aggregation of AgNPs at high ionic strength reduced the nanoparticles' surface areas for radical formation. Additionally, Cl- contributed to •OH generation in the AgNPs/Cl- /UV system, in which the produced •OH concentrations increased with increasing Cl- concentrations. The reduction reaction between silver ions and O2 •- resulted in lower dissolution rates of AgNPs/Cl- mixtures under UV irradiation than those in the dark. The phototoxicity of AgNPs toward E. coli with different concentrations of Cl- followed the order of 0.5 M > 0 M > 0.1 M > 0.01 M. Both ROS and dissolved Ag played significant role in the phototoxicity of AgNPs. This work demonstrates the potential importance of anions in the fate and biological impact of AgNPs.