Management of Treatment-Resistant Panic Disorder.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Purpose of Review Management of treatment-resistant (TR) panic disorder (PD) is an unresolved issue. In this paper, we provide a brief summary of previous findings, an updated (2015-2017) systematic review of pharmacological/non-pharmacological studies, and our personal perspective on this topic.

RECENT FINDINGS: Recent Findings We found a very limited number of recent findings. Quetiapine extended-release augmentation has not been found to be beneficial, in comparison to placebo, in non-responders to previously recommended pharmacotherapy. In non-responders to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), switching to paroxetine/citalopram has been found to be more effective than continuing CBT. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has shown some improvement in patients' resistance to previous psychological/pharmacological interventions compared with a waiting-list condition.

SUMMARY: Summary Previous and recent findings regarding the treatment of TR PD suffer from several methodological limitations. Available studies provide insufficient evidence to support the use of medications alternative to the recommended medications; the efficacy of ACT needs confirmation with more rigorous methodology. Prolonged pharmacotherapy may produce significant improvement in patients with unsatisfactory response to short-term pharmacotherapy, while switching to pharmacotherapy may help non-responders to CBT. We discuss our personal perspective on the definition of "treatment resistance" as it relates to PD and provide personalized intervention strategies to increase favorable clinical outcomes based on our clinical expertise and review of experimental studies on the pathophysiology of PD.