Comparison of pharmaceutical abatement in various water matrices by conventional ozonation, peroxone (O 3 /H 2 O 2 ), and an electro-peroxone process.

Pharmaceutical abatement in a groundwater (GW), surface water (SW), and secondary effluent (SE) by conventional ozonation, the conventional peroxone (O3 /H2 O2 ), and the electro-peroxone (E-peroxone) processes was compared in batch tests. SE had significantly more fast-reacting dissolved organic matter (DOM) moieties than GW and SW. Therefore, O3 decomposed much faster in SE than in GW and SW. At specific ozone doses of 0.5-1.5 mg O3 /mg dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the application of O3 /H2 O2 and E-peroxone process (by adding external H2 O2 stocks or in-situ generating H2 O2 from cathodic O2 reduction during ozonation) similarly enhanced the OH yield from O3 decomposition by ∼5-12% and 5-7% in GW and SW, respectively, compared to conventional ozonation. In contrast, due to the slower reaction kinetics of O3 with H2 O2 than O3 with fast-reacting DOM moieties, the addition or electro-generation of H2 O2 hardly increased the OH yield (<4% increases) in SE. Corresponding to the changes in the OH yields, the abatement efficiencies of ozone-resistant pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen and clofibric acid) increased evidently in GW (up to ∼14-18% at a specific ozone dose of 1.5 mg O3 /mg DOC), moderately in SW (up to 6-10% at 0.5 mg O3 /mg DOC), and negligibly in SE during the O3 /H2 O2 and E-peroxone treatment compared to conventional ozonation. These results indicate that similar to the conventional O3 /H2 O2 process, the E-peroxone process can more pronouncedly enhance O3 transformation to OH, and thus increase the abatement efficiency of ozone-resistant pharmaceuticals in water matrices exerting relatively high ozone stability (e.g., groundwater and surface water with low DOM contents). Therefore, by installing electrodes in existing ozone reactors, the E-peroxone process may provide a convenient way to enhance pharmaceutical abatement in drinking water applications, where groundwater and surface water with low DOM contents are used as the source waters.