Tetraphenylethylene Foldamers with Double Hairpin-Turn Linkers, TNT-Binding Mode and Detection of Highly Diluted TNT Vapor.

Tetraphenylethylene (TPE) foldamers with double hairpin-turn linkers showing an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect have been synthesized for the first time. A crystal structure of a foldamer-TNT complex has been obtained, enabling unprecedented direct observation of the interactions between TNT molecules and the chromophores of the foldamer. Instead of π-π stacking interactions, which have often been considered to be the key mechanism in the binding of TNT by chromophoric receptors, strong n-π interactions between the nitro groups of TNT and the aromatic rings of the foldamer have been found. Exceptionally, by addition of 1 % NaF to a suspension of the foldamer in H2 O/THF (95:5), the fluorescence quenching efficiency by TNT vapor significantly increased from about 20 % to more than 90 %. Even after diluting TNT-saturated air at 25 °C by a factor of 2×104 , an obvious quenching response was observed, indicating that ultratrace TNT vapor (down to 3.4 fg per mL of air) could be detected.