Biomarkers in prostate cancer - Current clinical utility and future perspectives.

Current tendencies in the treatment course of prostate cancer patients increase the need for reliable biomarkers that help in decision-making in a challenging clinical setting. Within the last decade, several novel biomarkers have been introduced. In the following comprehensive review article, we focus on diagnostic (PHI® , 4K score, SelectMDx® , ConfirmMDx® , PCA3, MiPS, ExoDX® , mpMRI) and prognostic (OncotypeDX GPS® , Prolaris® , ProMark® , DNA-ploidy, Decipher® ) biomarkers that are in widespread clinical use and are supported by evidence. Hereby, we focus on multiple clinical situations in which innovative biomarkers may guide decision-making in prostate cancer therapy. In addition, we describe novel liquid biopsy approaches (circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA) that have been described as predictive biomarkers in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and might support an individual patient-centred oncological approach in the nearer future.