A three-dimensional spatial mapping approach to quantify fine-scale heterogeneity among leaves within canopies.

Premise of the study: The three-dimensional structure of tree canopies creates environmental heterogeneity, which can differentially influence the chemistry, morphology, physiology, and/or phenology of leaves. Previous studies that subdivide canopy leaves into broad categories (i.e., "upper/lower") fail to capture the differences in microenvironments experienced by leaves throughout the three-dimensional space of a canopy.

Methods: We use a three-dimensional spatial mapping approach based on spherical polar coordinates to examine the fine-scale spatial distributions of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the concentration of ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing compounds ( A 300 ) among leaves within the canopies of black mangroves ( Avicennia germinans ).

Results: Linear regressions revealed that interior leaves received less PAR and produced fewer UV-absorbing compounds than leaves on the exterior of the canopy. By allocating more UV-absorbing compounds to the leaves on the exterior of the canopy, black mangroves may be maximizing UV-protection while minimizing biosynthesis of UV-absorbing compounds.

Discussion: Three-dimensional spatial mapping provides an inexpensive and portable method to detect fine-scale differences in environmental and biological traits within canopies. We used it to understand the relationship between PAR and A 300 , but the same approach can also be used to identify traits associated with the spatial distribution of herbivores, pollinators, and pathogens.