Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: Managing Mineralocorticoid Replacement Therapy.

CONTEXT: Mineralocorticoid (MC) replacement therapy in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) was introduced more than 60 years ago. Still, there are limited data on how MC substitution should be optimized, because MC dosing regimens have only been systematically investigated in a few studies. We review the management of current standard MC replacement therapy in PAI and its plausible impact on outcome.

DESIGN: Using PubMed, we conducted a systematic review of the literature from 1939 to 2017, with the following keywords: adrenal insufficiency, MC deficiency, aldosterone, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and heart failure.

RESULTS: The current standard treatment consists of fludrocortisone (FC) given once daily in the morning, aiming at normotension, normokalemia, and plasma renin activity in the upper normal range. Available data suggest that patients with PAI may be underreplaced with FC as symptoms and signs indicating chronic MC underreplacement, such as salt craving and postural dizziness persist, in many treated patients with PAI. Data acquired from large registry-based studies show that glucocorticoid doses for replacement in PAI are higher than those estimated from endogenous production. Glucocorticoid overreplacement may reduce the need of MC replacement but may also be a consequence of inadequate MC replacement.

CONCLUSIONS: The commonly used MC replacement in PAI may not be adequate in some patients. Insufficient MC substitution may be responsible for poor cardiometabolic outcome and the failure to restore well-being adequately in patients with PAI. Well-designed studies oriented at optimizing MC replacement therapy are urgently needed.