Decision making in very severe traumatic brain injury (Glasgow Coma Scale 3-5): a literature review of acute neurosurgical management.

INTRODUCTION: Patients presenting with an early Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Score of 3-5 after blunt or penetrating skull-brain assaults are categorized as having sustained a very severe traumatic brain injury (vs-TBI). This category is often overlooked in literature. Impact on patients and families lives however is huge and the question "whether to surgically treat or not" frequently poses a dilemma to treating physicians. Little is known about mortality and outcome, compared to what is known for the group of severe TBI patients (s-TBI) (GCS 3-8). The main goal of this review was creating more awareness for the neurosurgical treatment of this patient group.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A literature search (2000-2017) was conducted discussing "severe TBI (GCS 3-8)", "(neuro)surgical management" and "outcome". Ultimately 45 out of 2568 articles were included for further analysis.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Mortality rates and unfavorable outcome are high for s-TBI patients and as expected higher for vs-TBI patients. Mortality rates reach up to 100% for specific subgroups with GCS=3 and bilaterally fixed dilated pupils. Functional outcome was generally poor, but sometimes, although seldom, favorable in specific groups of vs-TBI patients after neurosurgical intervention. Factors like initial GCS, pupillary abnormalities and age seem to be associated with worse outcome.

CONCLUSIONS: Overall this literature review showed high rates of unfavorable outcome and mortality for vs-TBI patients. However, some studies, reporting relatively low mortality rates, reported "good" outcome for specific groups of vs-TBI patients. It is concluded that clinical decision making, in particular those on treatment limitations, should never be taken based on the GCS alone.