Nitrous oxide emissions are enhanced in a warmer and wetter world.

Nitrous oxide (N2 O) has a global warming potential that is 300 times that of carbon dioxide on a 100-y timescale, and is of major importance for stratospheric ozone depletion. The climate sensitivity of N2 O emissions is poorly known, which makes it difficult to project how changing fertilizer use and climate will impact radiative forcing and the ozone layer. Analysis of 6 y of hourly N2 O mixing ratios from a very tall tower within the US Corn Belt-one of the most intensive agricultural regions of the world-combined with inverse modeling, shows large interannual variability in N2 O emissions (316 Gg N2 O-N⋅y-1 to 585 Gg N2 O-N⋅y-1 ). This implies that the regional emission factor is highly sensitive to climate. In the warmest year and spring (2012) of the observational period, the emission factor was 7.5%, nearly double that of previous reports. Indirect emissions associated with runoff and leaching dominated the interannual variability of total emissions. Under current trends in climate and anthropogenic N use, we project a strong positive feedback to warmer and wetter conditions and unabated growth of regional N2 O emissions that will exceed 600 Gg N2 O-N⋅y-1 , on average, by 2050. This increasing emission trend in the US Corn Belt may represent a harbinger of intensifying N2 O emissions from other agricultural regions. Such feedbacks will pose a major challenge to the Paris Agreement, which requires large N2 O emission mitigation efforts to achieve its goals.