Overall water splitting by photoelectrochemical cells consisting of (ZnSe) 0.85 (CuIn 0.7 Ga 0.3 Se 2 ) 0.15 photocathodes and BiVO 4 photoanodes.

The design of photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell structures that mitigate challenges related to mass transfer is the key to achieving efficient hydrogen production. A PEC cell based on an integrated photoelectrode incorporating (ZnSe)0.85 (CuIn0.7 Ga0.3 Se2 )0.15 strips and BiVO4 strips exhibited 1.0% solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency even without stirring the electrolyte solution.