Acute myeloid leukemia in adolescents and young adults: from the viewpoint of physicians.

Based on various studies, the survival of adolescent and young adults (AYAs) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was reportedly similar to or worse than younger children. AYAs with AML treated in adult institutions are usually offered the same treatment as that of the older adults. Although pediatric protocols generally include intensified regimens compared with adult protocols, it is still controversial whether an intensified pediatric AML regimen results in an improved survival for the AYA population. Somatic mutations have proven to be significantly prognostic in AML. Although such molecular markers are becoming increasingly important as a means of risk stratification for both children and adults with AML, the prevalence and significance of somatic mutations remain largely unknown in AYAs with AML. In addition to the biological characteristics of cancer, non-biological factors, such as compliance with treatment, may influence the treatment outcomes of AYAs. AYAs have specific and unique needs that are different from children and older adults such as psychosocial care, transition from the pediatric to adult care environment, and fertility considerations among long-term survivors. A further multidisciplinary approach for AYAs with AML is still an issue among adult institutes.