Probing the Hydrogen Enhanced Near-Field Emission of ITO without a Vacuum-Gap.

Electromagnetic fields produced by thermal fluctuation can excite the near-field optical states, creating the potential for thermal radiation orders of magnitude greater than what is predicted by Plank's blackbody theory. The typical schemes employed to probe the trapped electromagnetic energy of the near-field are with considerable technical challenges, suffering from scalability and high costs, hindering widespread use. A waveguide-based scheme relying on photon tunneling is presented as an alternate approach, as waveguides inherently provide a large density of channels for photons to tunnel to with the required k-vector matching and probability density overlap. The conducted experiments with a 10 nm indium tin oxide film, having plasmonic resonance in the 1500 nm wavelength range, show that the near-field EM radiation can be extracted to the far-field by establishing the mode of de-excitation to be that of photon tunneling to a nearby waveguide. Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that the thermally emitted energy is very sensitive to changes in the surface free electron density, a property that is unique to the near-field. In addition to the ease of implementation and scalability, the proposed waveguide-based extraction method does not require a vacuum-gap, which is a significant reduction in the required complexity.