JOURNAL ARTICLE
RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T
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Simulating Bilayers of Nonionic Surfactants with the GROMOS-Compatible 2016H66 Force Field.

Polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl ether amphiphiles (Ci Ej ) are important nonionic surfactants, often used for biophysical and membrane protein studies. In this work, we extensively test the GROMOS-compatible 2016H66 force field in molecular dynamics simulations involving the lamellar phase of a series of Ci Ej surfactants, namely C12 E2 , C12 E3 , C12 E4 , C12 E5 , and C14 E4 . The simulations reproduce qualitatively well the monitored structural properties and their experimental trends along the surfactant series, although some discrepancies remain, in particular in terms of the area per surfactant, the equilibrium phase of C12 E5 , and the order parameters of C12 E3 , C12 E4 , and C12 E5 . The polar head of the Ci Ej surfactants is highly hydrated, almost like a single polyethyleneoxide (PEO) molecule at full hydration, resulting in very compact conformations. Within the bilayer, all Ci Ej surfactants flip-flop spontaneously within tens of nanoseconds. Water-permeation is facilitated, and the bending rigidity is 4 to 5 times lower than that of typical phospholipid bilayers. In line with another recent theoretical study, the simulations show that the lamellar phase of Ci Ej contains large hydrophilic pores. These pores should be abundant in order to reproduce the comparatively low NMR order parameters. We show that their contour length is directly correlated to the order parameters, and we estimate that they should occupy approximately 7-10% of the total membrane area. Due to their highly dynamic nature (rapid flip-flops, high water permeability, observed pore formation), Ci Ej surfactant bilayers are found to represent surprisingly challenging systems in terms of modeling. Given this difficulty, the results presented here show that the 2016H66 parameters, optimized independently considering pure-liquid as well as polar and nonpolar solvation properties of small organic molecules, represent a good starting point for simulating these systems.

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