Crop pollination services at the landscape scale.

Managed and wild pollinators of different functional groups can provide pollination services in agricultural landscapes. These pollinators differ in their resource requirements and response to the amount and arrangement of different habitat types, that is, landscape composition and configuration. Most current approaches to test landscape effects on pollinators and pollination services are either applied to central individual crop fields or other landscape elements but rarely consider that pollinators depend on and make use of multiple habitat elements in an entire landscape. To capture these complex spatial and temporal interactions between different pollinators and habitat elements at the landscape scale, we propose to apply a combination of experimental and observational approaches across multiple habitat types and seasons.