Total synthesis of (-)-kainic acid and (+)-allo-kainic acid through SmI 2 -mediated intramolecular coupling between allyl chloride and an α,β-unsaturated ester.

A 3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine ring was effectively cyclized through SmI2 -mediated reductive coupling between allyl chloride and an α,β-unsaturated ester, although little has been reported about SmI2 -promoted C-C bond formation of an allyl chloride with an α,β-unsaturated ester. Selection of either the 3,4-cis- or 3,4-trans-selective cyclization can be accomplished simply by changing the additives from NiI2 to HMPA during reductive cyclization conducted in H2 O-THF. Total synthesis of (-)-kainic acid and (+)-allo-kainic acid, which are pyrrolidine alkaloids used in neuroscience and neuropharmacology as useful molecular probes, was successfully achieved by using the stereo-complementary ring closure reactions promoted by SmI2 for the construction of the 2,3,4-trisubsituted pyrrolidine scaffold of kainoids.