Peptide-Based Cancer-Targeted DDS and Molecular Imaging.

Targeting cancer cell-surface receptors is an attractive approach for cancer treatment and diagnosis. Peptides having high binding affinities to receptors overexpressed in cancer cells are useful because of their simple structure, low immunogenicity, and easy, cost-effective chemical synthesis. A number of peptide ligands have been developed for cancer cell-surface receptors and applied to nanoparticles with anticancer drugs, genes, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and molecular imaging agents. In particular, recent findings have revealed that peptide-modified PEGylated liposome-encapsulated drugs are effective in cancer-targeted therapy and cancer cell-specific imaging. This review discusses peptide-modified nanoparticles for drug delivery systems (DDS) and molecular imaging, focusing on peptide ligands for somatostatin receptors, integrin, transferrin receptor, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), etc. In addition, methods to improve binding affinity or endosomal escape with spacer peptides and stimuli (internal and external) are discussed.