Pathogenesis of asthma: implications for precision medicine.

The pathogenesis of asthma is complex and multi-faceted. Asthma patients have a diverse range of underlying dominant disease processes and pathways despite apparent similarities in clinical expression. Here, we present the current understanding of asthma pathogenesis. We discuss airway inflammation (both T2HIGH and T2LOW ), airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airways remodelling as four key factors in asthma pathogenesis, and also outline other contributory factors such as genetics and co-morbidities. Response to current asthma therapies also varies greatly, which is probably related to the inter-patient differences in pathogenesis. Here, we also summarize how our developing understanding of detailed pathological processes potentially translates into the targeted treatment options we require for optimal asthma management in the future.