Roles of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide during replication of two unrelated plant RNA viruses in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anion (O2 - ), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and hydroxyl radical, act as signaling molecules to transduce biotic and abiotic stimuli into stress adaptations in plants. A respiratory burst oxidase homolog B of Nicotiana benthamiana (NbRBOHB) is responsible for O2 - production to inhibit pathogen infection during plant innate immunity. RBOH-derived O2 - can be immediately converted into H2 O2 by the action of superoxide dismutase. Interestingly, we recently showed that red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV), a plant positive-strand RNA [(+)RNA] virus, hijacks the host's ROS-generating machinery during infection. An RCNMV replication protein associates with NbRBOHB and triggers intracellular ROS bursts. These bursts are required for robust viral RNA replication. However, what types of ROS are required for viral replication is currently unknown. Here, we found that RCNMV replication was sensitive to an O2 - scavenger but insensitive to an H2 O2 scavenger. Interestingly, replication of another plant (+)RNA virus, brome mosaic virus, was sensitive to both types of scavengers. These results indicate a virus-specific pattern requirement of O2 - and H2 O2 for (+)RNA virus replication and suggest a conserved nature of the roles of ROS in (+)RNA virus replication.