Microbial detoxification of carvedilol, a β-adrenergic antagonist, by the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella echinulata.

Beta adrenergic antagonists like carvedilol are typical environmental pollutants detected in wastewater and surface water. Human metabolism of carvedilol is well investigated, while its environmental fates are still unknown. In recent years, there have been appearing reports on high toxicity of β-blockers toward aquatic organisms. In this paper the ability of the filamentous fungus C. echinulata to eliminate the β-blocker has been described for the first time. An 83% loss of carvedilol was observed after 120 h incubation of the tested fungus with the compound, where hydroxylated carvedilol metabolites were identified as the major biotransformation products. Carvedilol degradation by C. echinulata was proceeded by hydroxylation and conjugation reactions similar to its mammalian metabolism. Glucose conjugate was found in the fungi cultures, whereas glucuronide conjugates were detected in mammals. The impact of carvedilol on the functionality of fungal cells was also evaluated. A 2-fold decrease in the PC/PE ratio was noticed in the C. echinulata cell membrane after the exposition to carvedilol compared to control mycelium incubated without the β-blocker. The change can denote perturbation of fungal cell membrane integration by carvedilol. Moreover, 2.8-fold lower toxicity of postcultures supernatants toward D. magna were shown in contrast to abiotic control.