Are unstable support surfaces superior to stable support surfaces during trunk rehabilitation after stroke? A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of trunk rehabilitation using unstable support surfaces compared to stable support surfaces, on static and dynamic balance after stroke.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review was conducted to identify relevant articles from the following databases: Medline (PubMed), Web of Science, PEDro, REHAB+, Rehabdata, Science Direct, CIRRIE, and Cochrane library. Studies were included when they involved adult stroke patients; were controlled clinical trials; assessed static and dynamic balance; and incorporated trunk exercises on stable or unstable support surfaces. Databases were systematically screened until April 2017. Risk of bias assessment was performed by means of the PEDro scale.

RESULTS: Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, of which one had a low risk of bias and six a high risk. In total, 184 stroke patients were evaluated. Unstable support surfaces used during therapy were physio balls, balance pads, air cushions, tilting boards, and slings. Trunk training was provided either as additional therapy or without conventional therapy. All modalities, except for the sling, showed larger improvements compared to stable support surfaces on balance performance.

CONCLUSIONS: Trunk training on unstable support surfaces seemed to be superior to stable support surfaces in improving static and dynamic balance. However, more research is necessary, since the risk of bias of the included studies was high. Implications for Rehabilitation Trunk training on unstable surfaces seems to be superior to stable surfaces in improving static and dynamic balance. Physio balls, air cushions, balance pads, and unstable boards are appropriate supports to enhance balance during stroke rehabilitation. Implementing unstable supports early in rehabilitation might be more beneficial.