Regorafenib-induced hypothyroidism and cancer-related fatigue: is there a potential link?

OBJECTIVE: Thyroid dysfunction has been reported during Regorafenib (Reg) administration, but no detailed study is presently available.

DESIGN: Prospective, observational cohort study. Patients with documented metastatic colorectal cancer and progression of disease during or within 3 months after the last standard therapy, with no evidence and history of previous thyroid disease were enrolled.

METHODS: Twenty-five consecutive patients were evaluated before and 8-50 weeks after initiating Reg therapy by monthly clinical, ultrasound and laboratory (thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), antithyroglobulin (TgAb) and antithyroid peroxidase (TPOAb)) evaluation.

RESULTS: Thirteen/25 patients (52%) became hypothyroid (TSH: 12.5 ± 4.01 IU/L, range: 4.6-22.0) within 5 months of therapy. TPOAb became detectable (99-155 IU/mL) in 2/25 (8%) patients. Thyroid volume progressively decreased (from 8.6 ± 2.2 mL to 4.9 ± 2.4 mL after 5 months of Reg therapy, P < 0.0001). The progression-free survival (PFS) was longer in patients developing hypothyroidism (43 weeks) than in those remaining euthyroid (17 weeks, P < 0.01). Fatigue (the most common general serious Reg adverse event) was associated with hypothyroidism severity and reversed after levothyroxine therapy (L-T4).

CONCLUSIONS: Reg rapidly causes hypothyroidism in about 50% of patients and in a minority of them also triggers thyroid autoimmunity. Reg-induced hypothyroidism was strictly related to fatigue, easily reversed by L-T4 administration and associated to longer survival. These results suggest that prompt recognition of hypothyroidism in patients with severe fatigue may prevent unnecessary Reg dose reduction or withdrawal.