Infectious and Non-Infectious Pulmonary Complications in Primary Immunodeficiencies.

Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) have been described as diseases caused by one or more defects of the immune system. These patients are more likely to experience recurrent and/or severe infections and have a tendency to develop a wide range of complications. Respiratory diseases are the main and initial manifestation for the majority of PID patients and most common complication in this group of patients. Pulmonary complications present a significant cause of morbidity and also mortality among patients suffering from different forms of PIDs. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can prevent or at least slow down the development of respiratory complications of PIDs. Since the spectrum of pulmonary complications in PIDs is broad, we divided pulmonary complications into upper respiratory (e.g., sinusitis, otitis media and laryngeal angioedema) and lower respiratory (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, interstitial lung diseases, organizing pneumonia, pulmonary adenopathies and malignancies, hyperreactive airway diseases, pulmonary dysgenesis and treatment side effects) complications. This review covers the most important respiratory manifestations observed in patients with PIDs.