Overweight and obesity in Indonesia: prevalence and risk factors-a literature review.

OBJECTIVES: Overweight/obesity is a problem faced by both high- and low- and middle-income countries. This review aimed to report published data on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Indonesian children, adolescents, and adults, along with the associated risk factors.

STUDY DESIGN: Literature review.

METHODS: We conducted a literature search for articles published in English (through Medline via OvidSP, Scopus, Global Health via OvidSP and Web of Science electronic databases) and Indonesian languages (several websites, direct contact with Indonesian public health researchers, practitioners and Ministry of Health staff) from earliest to March 2016. We screened the results and ensured the quality of included studies with Loney's tools for critically appraising prevalence or incidence studies.

RESULTS: We included 17 papers on the topic which were available in full text and passed the critical appraisal process. The prevalence of overweight/obesity has increased over the past two decades in Indonesian children, adolescents and adults. Prevalence rates are higher in boys than girls among children, but higher in females in the adolescent and adult age groups. The prevalence of overweight/obesity is also higher in those living in urban areas and with higher income or education.

CONCLUSIONS: Overweight/obesity is a serious public health problem in Indonesia with a continuing increase in its prevalence. Interventions at the household level and beyond are needed to successfully lower the prevalence of overweight/obesity in the country.