Palliative and end-of-life care in nephrology: moving from observations to interventions.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In comparison with patients who have other serious illnesses, patients with advanced kidney disease have a higher rate of intensive care utilization at the end of life and receive palliative care less frequently. Consensus and clinical practice guidelines have therefore recommended the incorporation of palliative care earlier in the disease trajectory. This review summarizes recent literature on this aspect of care and will highlight future directions for patient-centered care within palliative nephrology.

RECENT FINDINGS: Patients with advanced kidney disease and their families frequently do not engage effectively with their clinicians to make informed treatment decisions or plan for care at the end of life. Furthermore, racial and ethnic minority patients continue to receive a lower rate of palliative care services compared to other racial groups. Interventions that promote better palliative care communication and education among nephrology clinicians, patients and their families are becoming increasingly more common in nephrology.

SUMMARY: Overall, improved understanding of the unique care needs of patients with advanced and end-stage kidney disease provides a solid foundation to improve palliative and end-of-life care delivery among diverse populations in nephrology.