Frequent hemodialysis: history of the modality and assessment of outcomes.

About 660,000 individuals have end-stage renal disease in the USA, the vast majority of whom are receiving standard, in-center, thrice-weekly hemodialysis (HD). The morbidity and mortality among patients receiving standard HD remain unacceptably high. Studies conducted over the past two decades have provided a substantial amount of information on the advantages and drawbacks of providing more frequent HD treatment, either in-center or at home. In this article I summarize these studies, focusing special attention on the randomized, cross-over study assessing outcomes in children who received either frequent, in-center HD or traditional, thrice-weekly, in-center HD performed by Laskin et al. (Pediatr Nephrol doi: 10.1007/s00467-017-3656-x , 2017).