Systemic Delivery of Morpholinos to Skip Multiple Exons in a Dog Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Exon-skipping therapy is an emerging approach that uses synthetic DNA-like molecules called antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) to splice out frame-disrupting parts of mRNA, restore the reading frame, and produce truncated yet functional proteins. Multiple exon skipping utilizing a cocktail of AONs can theoretically treat 80-90% of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The success of multiple exon skipping by the systemic delivery of a cocktail of AONs called phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) in a DMD dog model has made a significant impact on the development of therapeutics for DMD, leading to clinical trials of PMO-based drugs. Here, we describe the systemic delivery of a cocktail of PMOs to skip multiple exons in dystrophic dogs and the evaluation of the efficacies and toxicity in vivo.