F-Box Protein XREP-4 Is a New Regulator of the Oxidative Stress Response in Caenorhabditis elegans .

The transcription factor SKN-1 (Skinhead family member-1) in Caenorhabditis elegans is a homolog of the mammalian Nrf-2 protein and functions to promote oxidative stress resistance and longevity. SKN-1 mediates protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the transcriptional activation of genes involved in antioxidant defense and phase II detoxification. Although many core regulators of SKN-1 have been identified, much remains unknown about this complex signaling pathway. We carried out an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis screen and isolated six independent mutants with attenuated SKN-1-dependent gene activation in response to acrylamide. All six were found to contain mutations in F46F11.6/ xrep-4 (xenobiotics response pathways-4), which encodes an uncharacterized F-box protein. Loss of xrep-4 inhibits the skn-1 -dependent expression of detoxification genes in response to prooxidants and decreases survival of oxidative stress, but does not shorten life span under standard culture conditions. XREP-4 interacts with the ubiquitin ligase component SKR-1 and the SKN-1 principal repressor WDR-23, and knockdown of xrep-4 increases nuclear localization of a WDR-23::GFP fusion protein. Furthermore, a missense mutation in the conserved XREP-4 F-box domain that reduces interaction with SKR-1 but not WDR-23 strongly attenuates SKN-1-dependent gene activation. These results are consistent with XREP-4 influencing the SKN-1 stress response by functioning as a bridge between WDR-23 and the ubiquitin ligase component SKR-1.