Choosing a covariate-adaptive randomization procedure in practice.

Pocock and Simon's minimization method is a very popular covariate-adaptive randomization procedure intended to balance the allocations of two treatments across a set of covariates without compromising randomness. Additional covariate-adaptive schemes have been proposed in the literature, such as Atkinson's [Formula: see text]-optimum Biased Coin Design and the Covariate-Adaptive Biased Coin Design (CA-BCD), and their properties were analyzed and compared in terms of imbalance and predictability. The aim of this paper is to push forward these comparisons by also taking into account other randomization methods, such as the Permuted Block Design, the Big Stick Design, a generalization of the CA-BCD that can be implemented when the covariate distribution is unknown, and the Covariate-Adaptive Dominant Biased Coin Design, which is a new class of stratified randomization methods that forces the balance increasingly as the joint imbalance grows and improves the degree of randomness as the size of every stratum increases. The performance of covariate-adaptive procedures is strictly related to the considered factors and the number of patients in the trial as well, which makes it hard to find a dominant rule, namely a design that is more balanced and less predictable with respect to other schemes. In general, stratified randomization methods perform very well when the number of strata is small, showing also some dominance structure with respect to the other designs. Nevertheless, the evolution and the performance of stratified designs are strictly related to the random entries of the subjects. Thus, these rules become less efficient in the case of both (i) limited samples and (ii) large number of factors/levels.