Effects of selenite on Microcystis aeruginosa: Growth, microcystin production and its relationship to toxicity under hypersalinity and copper sulfate stresses.

Se laden freshwater algae that enter the Salton Sea with river water pose ecorisks to wildlife in the lake by transferring selenium (Se) to higher trophic levels. The aim of this study was to investigate impacts of Se on Microcystis aeruginosa, widely distributed in freshwater bodies, and its relationship with toxicity, such as microcystins and Se residues. When supplied with selenite, the 96 h-IC50 was calculated 2.60 mg Se/L. However, these inhibitory effects did not extend to microcystin production, and the extracellular fraction significantly increased with selenite as well as sulfate. As M. aeruginosa assimilated selenite very efficiently, 97% of the removed Se was through accumulation, compared to 3% via volatilization, raising a concern about ecotoxicity caused by the remaining Se in the algae. The XAS analysis suggests the dominant Se species accumulated in the algal cells was elemental Se (81%), which is relatively nonbioavailable to aquatic organisms. We further investigated the potential fate of Se carried into the Salton Sea by M. aeruginosa with river water. Under hypersalinity stress, the biomass Se and intracellular microcystins were released and reduced by 47% and 74%, respectively, resulting in the increasing levels of Se and microcystins in the water column. CuSO4 was then applied as an algaecide to prevent M. aeruginosa from entering the lake. The results indicate a similar response to that under hypersalinity stress: the volatilization process was blocked and the Se and microcystins were released from the damaged algal cells in the presence of CuSO4, further raising toxicity levels by 8% and 60%, respectively, in the water column within 24 h. Overall, the coexistence of selenite and M. aeruginosa in river waters might negatively impact aquatic ecosystems of the Salton Sea and further research is required on how to harvest Se from M. aeruginosa to protect local wildlife.