Temperature Mapping in Hydrogel Matrices Using Unmodified Digital Camera.

We report a simple, generally applicable, and noninvasive fluorescent method for mapping thermal fluctuations in hydrogel matrices using an unmodified commercially available digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR). The nanothermometer is based on the complexation of short conjugated polyelectrolytes, poly(phenylene ethynylene) carboxylate, with an amphiphilic polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, which is in turn trapped within the porous network of a gel matrix. Changes in the temperature lead to a fluorescent ratiometric response with a maximum relative sensitivity of 2.0% and 1.9% at 45.0 °C for 0.5% agarose and agar, respectively. The response was reversible with no observed hysteresis when samples were cycled between 20 and 40 °C. As a proof of concept, the change in fluorescent signal/color was captured using a digital camera. The images were then dissected into their red-green-blue (RGB) components using a Matlab routine. A linear correlation was observed between the hydrogel temperature and the green and blue intensity channels. The reported sensor has the potential to provide a wealth of information when thermal fluctuations mapped in soft gels matrices are correlated with chemical or physical processes.