N-acetylcysteine Attenuates Cobalt Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxic Effects through Inhibition of Cell Death, Reactive Oxygen Species-related Signaling and Cytokines Expression.

OBJECTIVE: Complex cobalt-chromium alloys, bearing surfaces of the second-generation metal-on-metal (MoM) hip prostheses, are subject to wear and generate cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs). CoNPs could reduce cellular viability, activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and increase cell apoptosis via reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the detailed mechanisms of ROS functioning on CoNP-mediated signaling molecules and cytotoxicity has not yet been fully demonstrated. The present study investigated the functional role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in reversing the activation of ROS signaling pathways triggered by CoNPs in normal mice kidney cells (TCMK-1 cells).

METHODS: After being pretreated with NAC, TCMK-1 cells were treated with 300-700 μmol/L CoNPs, then, CCK-8 assay was used to verify the survival of TCMK-1 cells. Annexin V/PI staining was performed to investigate the apoptosis of TCMK-1 cells after NAC and different concentrations of CoNP treatments. In addition, western blot was performed to identify the cytokine (p-ERK, p-p38, and p-JNK) expression of the ROS-related MAPK signaling pathway.

RESULTS: Apoptosis rate of TCMK-1 cells was increased obviously after different concentrations of CoNP treatment. However, TCMK-1 cells, pretreated with NAC, exhibited a significantly decreased apoptosis rate. In addition, p-ERK, p-p38, and p-JNK expressions were increased with CoNP treatment, which indicated that CoNPs could activate the MAPK pathway. Interestingly, this entire stimulated phenomenon by CoNPs was reversed with NAC treatment.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated that NAC could reverse CoNP-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting ROS-induced cell death and cytokine expression. To our knowledge, this is the first report that describes how CoNP-induced cytotoxicity in TCMK-1 cells could be attenuated by anti-oxidative agents (NAC), which may function through inhibition of cell death and ROS.