Longitudinal Analysis of Pre-Term Neonatal Cerebral Ventricles From 3D Ultrasound Images Using Spatial-Temporal Deformable Registration.

Preterm neonates with a very low birth weight of less than 1,500 grams are at increased risk for developing intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), which is a major cause of brain injury in preterm neonates. Quantitative measurements of ventricular dilatation or shrinkage play an important role in monitoring patients and evaluating treatment options. 3D ultrasound (US) has been developed to monitor ventricle volume as a biomarker for ventricular changes. However, ventricle volume as a global indicator does not allow for precise analysis of local ventricular changes, which could be linked to specific neurological problems often seen in the patient population later in life. In this work, a 3D+t spatial-temporal deformable registration approachis proposed, which is applied to the analysis of the detailed local changes of preterm IVH neonatal ventricles from 3D US images. In particular, a novel sequential convex/dual optimization algorithm is introduced to extract the optimal 3D+t spatial-temporal deformable field, which simultaneously optimizes the sequence of 3D deformation fieldswhile enjoying both efficiencyand simplicity in numerics. The developed registration technique was evaluated by comparing two manually extracted ventricle surfaces from the baseline and the registered follow-up images using the metrics of Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), mean absolute surface distance (MAD), and maximum absolute surface distance (MAXD). The performed experiments using 14 patients with 5 time-point images per patient show that the proposed 3D+t registration approach accurately recovered the longitudinal deformation of ventricle surfaces from 3D US images. The proposed approach may be potentially used to analyse the change pattern of cerebral ventricles of IVH patients, their response to different treatment options, and to elucidate the deficiencies that a patient could have later in life. To the best of our knowledge, this paper reports the first study on the longitudinalanalysis of neonatal ventricular system from 3D US images.