Is Polypharmacy Associated with Frailty in Older People? Results From the ESTHER Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between polypharmacy and frailty.

DESIGN: Longitudinal, observational cohort study.

SETTING: Saarland, Germany.

PARTICIPANTS: 3,058 community-dwelling adults aged between 57 and 84 years.

MEASUREMENTS: Frailty was assessed according to the frailty phenotype, described by Fried et al. Polypharmacy and hyperpolypharmacy were defined as the concomitant use of five or more and 10 or more drugs, respectively. We assessed associations between polypharmacy and prevalent and incident frailty within 3 years of follow-up by logistic regression models controlled for multiple potential confounders including comorbidity. Additionally, cubic splines were used to assess dose-response associations.

RESULTS: Polypharmacy was reported in 39.1% (n = 1,194), and hyperpolypharmacy in 8.9% (n = 273) of participants. Prevalent frailty was present in 271 (8.9%) participants; 186 (9.3%) of 1,998 non-frail participants with follow-up data became frail within 3 years. After adjustment, polypharmacy and hyperpolypharmacy were associated with prevalent frailty with adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 2.30 (1.60-3.31) and 4.97 (2.97-8.32), respectively. Polypharmacy (odds ratio (OR) 1.51 (1.05-2.16)) and hyperpolypharmacy (OR 1.90 (1.10-3.28)) were also independent predictors of incident frailty. Furthermore, there was a moderate exposure-response relationship between the number of medicines and prevalent as well as incident frailty.

CONCLUSION: Our study showed that polypharmacy is associated with frailty. Further research should address the potential benefit of reducing of inappropriate polypharmacy and better pharmacotherapeutic management for preventing medication-associated frailty.