Endoscopic surgery in children - the challenge goes on.

Paediatric endoscopic surgery is greatly indebted to Karl Storz for developing paediatric endoscopic instruments. In more recent years, there is an increasing interest in endoscopic surgery in neonates. Now more complex procedures are being performed, although it will take another generation before these will be more generally applied. One of the key factors to success is training. More sophisticated training models are becoming available, allowing practicing in a safe environment before putting the procedure to practice. A key question in performing complex procedures is whether such procedures should not be concentrated into centres of expertise. Finally, a critical appraisal is warranted in regard to safety of surgery in neonates, as they fail to have cerebral autoregulation. As endoscopy may add additional risk factors, close monitoring is obligatory.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V.