Topical Therapies for Refractory Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Topical therapy has become an important tool in the otolaryngologist's armamentarium for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Daily high-volume sinonasal saline irrigation and standard metered-dose topical nasal steroid therapy are supported by the most evidence. Nonstandard topical sinonasal steroid therapies are a potential option for refractory CRS. Current evidence recommends against the use of topical antifungal therapy and topical antibiotic therapy delivered using spray and nebulized techniques in routine cases of CRS. Stents are a new modality with preliminary data showing they are an option when traditional treatment has failed. Further research with long-term effects and outcomes studies for refractory CRS are needed.