Myosin light chain kinase mediates intestinal barrier dysfunction via occludin endocytosis during anoxia/reoxygenation injury.

Intestinal anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) injury induces loss of barrier function followed by epithelial repair. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) has been shown to alter barrier function via regulation of interepithelial tight junctions, but has not been studied in intestinal A/R injury. We hypothesized that A/R injury would disrupt tight junction barrier function via MLCK activation and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Caco-2BBe1 monolayers were subjected to anoxia for 2 h followed by reoxygenation in 21% O2, after which barrier function was determined by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and FITC-dextran flux. Tight junction proteins and MLCK signaling were assessed by Western blotting, real-time PCR, or immunofluorescence microscopy. The role of MLCK was further investigated with select inhibitors (ML-7 and peptide 18) by using in vitro and ex vivo models. Following A/R injury, there was a significant increase in paracellular permeability compared with control cells, as determined by TER and dextran fluxes (P < 0.05). The tight junction protein occludin was internalized during A/R injury and relocalized to the region of the tight junction after 4 h of recovery. MLC phosphorylation was significantly increased by A/R injury (P < 0.05), and treatment with the MLCK inhibitor peptide 18 attenuated the increased epithelial monolayer permeability and occludin endocytosis caused by A/R injury. Application of MLCK inhibitors to ischemia-injured porcine ileal mucosa induced significant increases in TER and reduced mucosal-to-serosal fluxes of (3)H-labeled mannitol. These data suggest that MLCK-induced occludin endocytosis mediates intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction during A/R injury. Our results also indicate that MLCK-dependent occludin regulation may be a target for the therapeutic treatment of ischemia/reperfusion injury.