Ameliorating Effects of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Glycated End Product Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Cellular Toxicity in Osteogenic Saos-2 Cells.

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that result from nonenzymatic glycation are one of the major factors involved in diabetes and its secondary complications and diseases. This necessitates our urge to discover new compounds that may be used as potential AGEs inhibitors without affecting the normal structure and function of biomolecules. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of AgNP (silver nanoparticles) on AGEs formation as well as their inhibitory effects on glycation mediated cell toxicity via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage. The excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to investigate the interaction of AgNP during glycation. The values of conditional stability constant (log Ka = 4.44) derived from the Stern-Volmer equation indicate that AgNP have strong binding capacity for glycated protein. UV-vis, fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared spectral data reveal complexation of AgNP with glycated bovine serum albumin, which significantly inhibits AGEs formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Cytotoxic evaluations suggest that simultaneous administration of AgNP and glycated product reduces cell death (42.82% ± 3.54) as compared to the glycated product alone. Similarly, ROS production in AgNP treated cells is significantly less compared to only glycated product treated cells. Although DNA damage studies show DNA damage in both GP and GP-AgNP treated cells, fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis demonstrates that glycated products induce cell death by necrosis, while AgNP cause cell death via apoptotic pathways. AgNP have a positive effect on restoring native protein structure deduced from spectral studies, and hence, inferences can be drawn that AgNP have ameliorating effects on glycated induced cytotoxicity observed in osteogenic Saos-2 cells.