Oral hygiene practices and their socio-demographic correlates among Nepalese adult: evidence from non communicable diseases risk factors STEPS survey Nepal 2013.

BACKGROUND: Oral diseases remain a significant public health problem in Nepal, as do oral health behaviours. Socio-demographic factors play a crucial role in driving oral hygiene practices. This study aims to identify oral hygiene practices and associated socio-demographic factors in Nepalese population.

METHODS: This descriptive, cross-sectional study recruited 4200 adults (15-69 years) through multistage cluster sampling. Data obtained from the WHO NCD STEPS instrument version 2.2 were analysed in STATA 13.0 using complex sample weighted analysis.

RESULTS: Prevalence of cleaning teeth at least once a day was 94.9 % (95 % CI: 93.7-95.9), while that of cleaning teeth at least twice a day was 9.9 % (95 % CI: 8.2-11.9). Use of fluoridated toothpaste was seen among 71.4 % (95 % CI: 67.9-74.7) respondents. A 3.9 % (95 % CI: 3.1-5.0) made a dental visit in the last 6 months. The 45-69 years age group had lesser odds of cleaning teeth at least once a day (AOR: 0.4; 95 % CI: 0.2-0.8), in comparison to 15-29 years age group. Women had greater odds of cleaning teeth at least twice a day (AOR: 1.7; 95 % CI: 1.1-2.4) and having visited a dentist in the last 6 months (AOR: 2.2; 95 % CI: 1.2-3.8) compared to men. With reference to rural residents, urban population had higher odds of using fluoridated toothpaste (AOR: 2.3; 95 % CI: 1.4-3.4) and making a dental visit within the last 6 months (AOR: 1.9; 95 % CI:1.1-3.6). Inhabitants of the Terai had five-fold (AOR: 4.9; 95 % CI: 3.1-7.8) greater odds of cleaning teeth once per day than did hill residents. Those with higher education had greater odds than non-formal education holders of cleaning teeth at least once a day (AOR: 9.0; 95 % CI: 2.9-27.7), cleaning teeth at least twice a day (AOR: 5.6; 95 % CI: 2.9-10.6), using fluoridated toothpaste (AOR: 13.9; 95 % CI: 8.4-23.1), and having visited a dentist in the last 6 months (AOR: 2.8; 95 % CI: 1.4-5.4).

CONCLUSIONS: Cleaning teeth at least once a day is widely prevalent in Nepal and a substantial number of population use fluoridated toothpaste. However, cleaning teeth twice a day and visiting a dentist is less common. Being women, Terai residents, urban residents, and educated were significantly associated with oral hygiene practices assessed in this study.