Sterol-dependent membrane association of the marine sponge-derived bicyclic peptide Theonellamide A as examined by 1 H NMR.

Theonellamide A (TNM-A) is an antifungal bicyclic dodecapeptide isolated from a marine sponge Theonella sp. Previous studies have shown that TNM-A preferentially binds to 3β-hydroxysterol-containing membranes and disrupts membrane integrity. In this study, several1 H NMR-based experiments were performed to investigate the interaction mode of TNM-A with model membranes. First, the aggregation propensities of TNM-A were examined using diffusion ordered spectroscopy; the results indicate that TNM-A tends to form oligomeric aggregates of 2-9 molecules (depending on peptide concentration) in an aqueous environment, and this aggregation potentially influences the membrane-disrupting activity of the peptide. Subsequently, we measured the1 H NMR spectra of TNM-A with sodium dodecyl sulfate-d25 (SDS-d25 ) micelles and small dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)-d54 /dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine (DHPC)-d22 bicelles in the presence of a paramagnetic quencher Mn2+ . These spectra indicate that TNM-A poorly binds to these membrane mimics without sterol and mostly remains in the aqueous media. In contrast, broader1 H signals of TNM-A were observed in 10mol% cholesterol-containing bicelles, indicating that the peptide efficiently binds to sterol-containing bilayers. The addition of Mn2+ to these bicelles also led to a decrease in the relative intensity and further line-broadening of TNM-A signals, indicating that the peptide stays near the surface of the bilayers. A comparison of the relative signal intensities with those of phospholipids showed that TNM-A resides in the lipid-water interface (close to the C2' portion of the phospholipid acyl chain). This shallow penetration of TNM-A to lipid bilayers induces an uneven membrane curvature and eventually disrupts membrane integrity. These results shed light on the atomistic mechanism accounting for the membrane-disrupting activity of TNM-A and the important role of cholesterol in its mechanism of action.