New drugs to prevent and treat hyperkalemia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Hyperkalemia is frequent, but occurs mostly in patients with chronic kidney disease and is often the cause of discontinuation or omission of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with diabetes, chronic kidney disease and heart failure.

RECENT FINDINGS: Without much evidence in the literature on its efficacy, sodium polystyrene sulfonate is being used frequently in the clinical setting to treat hyperkalemia. In the last few years, two new promising agents have been developed to treat hyperkalemia - patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate 9 (ZS-9). Both patiromer and ZS-9 have been shown to decrease potassium in patients with hyperkalemia and then to maintain normokalemia. Gastrointestinal adverse events were more frequent with patiromer, and edema occurred in patients using high doses of ZS-9, possibly due to its high sodium content.

SUMMARY: Although patiromer and ZS-9 are very promising in terms of safety and efficacy, many questions remain, mostly in terms of selection of patients, long-term effects and costs.